Iraqi Journal of Market Research and Consumer Protection
A peer-reviewed scientific journal, accredited for academic promotions, published by the Market Research Center Limited, University of Baghdad, Republic of Iraq, initially with two issues per year. Due to the journal's merits, the publication schedule was increased to four issues per year, as per the Ministry of Higher Education's letter No. B T4/5234 dated 5/6/2025. Scientific research in the social sciences, directly related to the market and the consumer, is published within the fields of public health, marketing, economics, environment, agriculture, pure sciences, and media.
Market Research and Consumer Protection Center, University of Baghdad
STUDY THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECT AND NANO PREPARATION OF OLEANDER PLANT NERIUM OLEANDER ON THE HAIRY GRAIN BEETLE Trogoderma granarium EVERTS (COLEOPTERA: DERMESTIDAE)
Cereal crops, including wheat (Triticum aestivum), are among the most important vital and strategic crops in the world because they contain important food sources of vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and other nutrients. Stored grains are affected by many insect pests, causing significant economic losses in grain weight that may reach 10% in one storage season. One of the most dangerous stored insects that infest grains is the hairy grain beetle (Trogoderma granarium). The insect is known for its resistance to various liquid and gaseous chemical pesticides, as well as its ability to withstand long periods of drought and high temperatures. This adaptability has facilitated its spread across different countries and enabled it to conquer new geographical areas. Several methods have been employed to combat this insect, with chemical control being the most prominent. However, the use of chemical pesticides has resulted in negative environmental impacts and challenges in addressing the various roles insects play. Due to the economic significance of the hairy grain beetle and the need to minimize reliance on harmful chemical pesticides, plant extracts and nano-preparations of iron from the leaves of the oleander plant (Nerium oleander) were utilized. These compounds have shown high effectiveness in controlling the Khabra insect in both laboratory and storage environments, while also being environmentally safe.
Nerium oleander, proteins, pesticides, insects.
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MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF FUNGI CAUSING MELON CUCUMIS MELO L. ROOT ROT DISEASE, AND TESTING THE EFFICIENCY OF K2HPO4 AND TANNIC ACID IN INHIBITING THE FUNGUS RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI IN VITRO
This study was conducted Plant diseases laboratory in the agricultural protection Directorate / Ministry of Agriculture for the purpose of molecularly diagnosing fungal isolates obtained by isolating them from different areas of melon Cucumis melo L. growing fields in Iraq and testing the chemical factors K2HPO4 and Tannic acid in inhibiting the growth of the fungus. The most pathogenic R. solani in the laboratory. The phenotypic diagnosis was confirmed by molecular diagnosis of isolates F8, F19, F23, F28, and F34 through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology for DNA amplification and nucleotide sequencing of the nitrogenous bases of the genetic material of the isolates. The electrophoresis results showed that bands with a molecular weight between 500 and 750bp were obtained, and the results of the nucleotide sequences of the nitrogenous bases of the genetic material of the isolates were F8 and F34, R. solani, F19, Fusarium oxysporium f.sp. ciceris, F23 Macrophomina phaseolina and semi fungs F28 Pythium aphanidermatum and have been registered in NCBI GenBank (National Center Biotechnology Information) under Accession numbers PP342522.1 (F8), PP342523.1 (F34), PP342524.1 (F19), PP342526. .1 (F23) and PP342527.1 (F28), and were compared with closely related global isolates recovered from GenBank. The isolates F8 and F34, R. solani, F19 is Fusarium oxysporium f.sp. ciceris and F28 Pythium aphanidermatum first registration in NCBI on Melon in Iraq. The results of testing different concentrations of K2HPO4 and Tannic acid showed that they inhibited the growth of the fungus R. solani. The concentrations were 10 g.100 ml-1 and 1.5 g.100 ml-1, respectively, completely inhibited the growth of the fungal colony. with a significant difference from the comparison treatment for both agents. It was noted that as the concentration of K2HPO4 and Tannic acid increased, the percentage of inhibition increased.
Melon, Root Rot, Rhizoctonia solani, K2HPO4, tannic acid.
MOLECULAR DETECTION OF MAREK’S DISEASE IN IRAQI POULTRY FARMS
Marek’s disease is a highly contagious, immunosuppressive, lymphotropic, and economically effective illness of avian species, mainly chickens, caused by a herpes virus known as Gallid herpesvirus 2 of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae. In this study, the prevalence of Marek’s disease in different Iraqi governorates was investigated using highly specific and sensitive primers. The results revealed that twelve farms out of the total 50 tested were positive for Marek’s virus representing 24%. The highest rate of infected farms was recorded in Baghdad with 4 farms (23.5%) followed by Diyala, Wasit, and Karbala at infection rates of 2(25%), 3(27.3%), and 3(100%) farms respectively. In addition, the study showed that the infection was recorded in two time periods during the study duration: the first one from February through April, and the second one from August through November. The affected bird's age was also analyzed, with an inconclusive rate. In conclusion, this study provides molecular evidence of Marek’s disease circulation within Iraqi poultry farms even under a vaccine control strategy.
Marek’s Disease virus, Real-time PCR, Iraq.
INTEGRATION OF BIOFERTILIZER WITH CHEMICAL FERTILIZER TO IMPROVE SALT TOLERANCE IN WHEAT CROP
This study was done to estimate the PGPMs (Rhizobium ciceri CP-93, Azospirillum brasilense, Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Bacillus megaterium, Lysinibacillus fusiformis) under salinity stress for three levels 4 dS/m, 8 dS/m and 12 dS/m pot experiment were carried out in Plant Protection Directorate/ Ministry of Agriculture / Abu-Ghreeb/ Baghdad. Using wheat cultivar IPA 99 In 2022-2023 season according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Several combinations of biofertilizers were used alone and with 25% chemical fertilizer, in addition to chemical fertilizer treatment at a concentration of 25% and 100% for comparison. Results of pot experiment showed that best treatment was (Rhizobium ciceri CP-93 + Azospirillum brasilense + Trichoderma harzianum + Pseudomonas fluorescence + Bacillus megaterium + Lysinibacillus fusiformis) with 25% of chemical fertilizer which recorded significant increase in harvest index, grain number per spike and number of spikelet’s/ spike in all level of salinity comparison with other treatment.
Bacteria, Biofertilizer, IPA 99, Salinity, PGPMs.
THE ROLE OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS IN THE INDUCTION OF CALLUS TREATED WITH HARMEL SEEDS EXTRACT AND THE REGENERATION AND ROOTING OF VEGETATIVE GROWTHS OF BARLEY VARIETIES IN VITRO
An experiment was conducted in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad during the years 2022-2023 using Plant Tissue Culture Technique. The variables three varieties of barley: Ebaa265, Ebaa99 and Bouhoth 244; 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) at concentrations: (0,1.5,3 and 4.5) mg.L-1 for callus inducation; BA (Benzyl Adenine) at concentrations: (0,1,2, and 3) mg.L-1 for regeneration and IBA (Indole Butyric Acid) at concentrations :(0,1,2, and 3) mg.L -1 for rooting ,using MS (Murashige and Skoog) media. Measurements has taken on average of the weight wet and dry of the callus and number and length shoot and root. Done results revealed significant differences in all treatment. Thus, obtaining plants with a higher quantity and quality of food that meets the consumer’s need and increases the marketing value of the varieties.
2, 4-D, BA, IBA, Plant Tissue Culture, consumer.
EFFECT OF SUPPLIED NITROGEN FERTILIZERS ON SELECTED GENOTYPES OF SUNFLOWER
A field experiment was carried out in the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences- University of Baghdad. This study was conducted to investigate the efficiency of selection to improve some field traits associated with sunflower seed yield and select genotypes that will achieve the best balance between high yield components under conditions of nitrogen deficiency. The experiment included eight sunflower genotypes and three levels of N-supplied (50, 100, and 200) N kg ha-1. RCBD was used design with split-plot arrangement the sunflower genotypes were allotted as main plots and sub-plots were allotted nitrogen fertilizer rates with three replicates for the autumn season of 2022.The results showed that the selected LD genotype had the lowest plant height of 145.50 cm and the highest yield of 7.92 tons ha-1. The selected SHS genotype gave a plant height of 146.53 cm, which did not differ significantly from the LD genotype. Selection at adequacy and lack of N-Supplied improved the performance of selected genotypes for the most genetic and phenotypic traits. The LD genotype has been superior, so it is important to include it in genetic and environmental interaction trials in many locations and years.
sunflower, selection, nitrogen fertilizer.
EFFECT OF SEEDS PRIMING AND SOWING DATES ON VIABILITY AND VIGOUR OF TWO SOYBEAN (GLYCINE MAX L.) SEEDS CULTIVARS
A laboratory experiment was conducted during the seasons of 2023 and 2024 in the Seed Technology Laboratory, Department of Field Crops- College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad, using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) according to factorial experiments with four replicates and three factors. The first factor was planting dates (1 june , 15 june and 1 july), the second factor was two soybean cultivars (Lee 74 and Shaimaa), and the third was seed priming treatments ( GA3 300 mg L-1 , KCl 30 g L-1, and seaweed extract 3 ml L-1, in addition to two control treatments: soaking in distilled water and dry seeds). The results showed the superiority of the June 15th planting date and achieved the highest average radicle length, plumule length, seedling dry weight, and seedling vigor index. The Shaimaa cultivar exhibited the highest average in all the mentioned traits above. The seed priming treatment with seaweed extract excelled in radicle length and seedling vigor index, while the KCl treatment outperformed in seedling dry weight and plumule length. Overall, the planting date of June 15th and the Shaimaa cultivar showed superiority, along with the seed priming treatment with seaweed extract.
Wide environmental range, seed quality, seed priming, germination characteristics.
STUDY OF SOME GROWTH CRITERIA OF SINGLE CROSSES AND ITS PARENT OF MAIZE IN THE SPRING AND FALL SEASON
A field experiment was conducted using five in bred lines of maize: NADH 102, NASA 2022, NAEL 2022, NA 9928 E, and NADH 2006, (numberd 1,2,3,4,5 respectively) In the first season of spring 2022, a half-diallel Crossing program was employed to obtain (10) single crossing hybrids. Subsequently, the parents and single cross hybrids were planted in two comparison experiment in the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad / Jadriyah during the spring and fall seasons of 2023, following a RCBD design with four replications. To study the traits days to silking, ear height, leaf area index (LAI), ear length, days to physiological maturity (DTM), crop growth rate (CGR), ear weight, total dry matter (TDM), yield per unit area, and harvest index (HI). The results of the study showed significant differences between the genotypes, parent 1 recorded the highest yield per unit area, at 15.45 and 15.86 tons ha-1 for both seasons due to its superiority in CGR (6.32 and 6.54 g plant-1 day-1) for both seasons, as well as the highest ear weight (356.8 and 366.0 g) and highest TDM (594.8 and 628.4 g), with no significant difference with parent 3, with yield per unit area of 13.86 and 14.95 tons ha-1 for the two seasons, respectively. Due to its superiority in LAI, ear weight, and HI. Among the hybrids, the single cross hybrid (4×2) excelled with the highest yield, at 22.8 and 24.0 tons ha-1 due to its superiority in ear height (136.7 and 130.3) and highest TDM (697.0 and 672.8 g) for the two consecutive seasons. There is no significant difference between hybrid (2×4), and hybrid (1×5) with a yield of 22.7 and 23.1tons ha-1 for the two seasons, respectively, due to its early silking, DTM, and HI. We suggest studying single cross hybrids at different planting dates to demonstrate their ability to adapt to the Iraqi climate and test them under stress conditions such as drought and salinity.
Crop Growth Rate, Harvest Index (HI(، half diallel crossing, Yield potential,
SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF THE COTTON SEED BUG OXYCARENUS HYALINIPENNIS COSTA ON HIBISCUS SABDARRIFFA L. IN BAGHDAD.
The field study was conducted in Abu Ghraib / Baghdad in the Agricultural Protection Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, for the 2023 agricultural season. Seeds of Hibiscus sabdarriffa L., of the two varieties, red and dark red, were planted for the purpose of studying the population density and seasonal presence of the cotton seed bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis on the plant. The results showed that the first appearance of adults was in the third week of July, on the red and dark red varieties, at a rate of 4 and 5.5 adults/one sweep on sweeping net and 1.13 and 1.63 adults/one yellow sticky trap, respectively. The numbers of adults reached their peak on the eighteenth of July. During the month of December, there were an average of 12.44 and 15.88 adults/one sweep on sweeping net, 2.38 and 2.63 adults/yellow sticky trap, and 1.85 and 2.3 adults/fruit, espectively, also for the red and dark red varieties.As for eggs and nymphs, they first appeared in the first and second week of October, at a rate of 1.61 and 1.74 eggs/one fruit, and 1.3 and 1.81 nymphs/one fruit on both the red and dark red varieties, respectively, and their peak was also on the eighteenth of the month. December, at a rate of 5.9 and 8.19 eggs/fruit and 5.55 and 7.76 nymphs/fruit, respectively, for the two varieties.
Hibiscus sabdarriffa, cotton seed bug , Oxycarenus hyalinipennis, Seasonal occurrence.
EFFECT OF PEPPERMINT OIL ON THE QUALITATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOME PROCESSED MEAT PRODUCTS
The current study aimed to evaluate the qualitative, chemical, and sensory aspects of processed meat products (camel meat burgers) preserved through refrigeration at 4°C +2 for 12 d. It was treated with three concentrations of peppermint oil extract. The volatile oils from peppermint leaves were extracted using steam distillation with a Clevenger apparatus. The study involved adding three concentrations of peppermint oil (0.6%, 0.8%, and 1%) to the camel meat burgers manufactured according to the Iraqi Standard Specifications for the year 2019, No. 5110, and conducting chemical, qualitative Protein, Lipid, Ash, Moisture, CHO, PH, PV (m.equ/kg), T.B.A (mg MDA/kg), T.V.N (mg/100gm), FFA, and sensory tests over 1, 4, 8, and 12 d of refrigerated storage. We conclude from this study that peppermint oil can be used to prolong the shelf life of camel meat burgers by refrigeration for up to 12 d and to maintain the chemical and qualitative characteristics of camel meat burgers within acceptable limits from the beginning of treatment without the appearance of unacceptable flavors, tastes and textures.
Camel Meat, Peppermint Oil. Quality Properties.
THE DEADLY EFFECT OF THE POMEGRANATE SCALES EXTRACT ON THE PHASES OF THE ADULT ROLE OF THE INSECTS OF The KHABRA TRUGODERMA GRANARIUM (COLEOPTERA: DERMESTIDAE)
The khabra insect is one of the harmful Storeyt pests in the stores and causes severe damage to the stored materials, which reduces its economic and marketing value in iraq. for this reason, recent studies and research have resorted to finding safe and harmless anti -human control methods and other organisms, unlike chemical pesticides. this study was conducted. where the study included for this purpose the use of water and alcoholic pomegranate peel extracts and testing the effect of the killer on the third and fifth phases and the adult role and in a direct way (the insect treatment directly with the extract) where three concentrations were used from the water and alcoholic pomegranate scales extract (punica granatum), which is 2.% , 5%, 10%, as the alcoholic pomegranate peel extract exceeded the water extract in which the third age larvae treated in a direct way, as the killing of the third age larvae was 50.00 at the concentration of 10% on the third day, as well as the 10% alcoholic concentration over the rest of the concentrations. the alcoholic extract also outperformed the concentration of 10% and 5% on the water extract in which the fifth phase larvae treated, as the killing rate reached 46.67 on the third day. the adults were also treated with the extract of pomegranate peels, as the alcoholic extract exceeded 10%on the water extract, as the killing rate reached 73.33 per day.
Trugoderma granarium pomegranate scales, larva, adult.
STUDYING SOME OPERATIONAL FACTORS FOR AGRICULTURAL WASTE SHREDDER (BAERCAT) AND THEIR IMPACT ON SOME TECHNICAL INDICATORS OF THE MACHINE
This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the BAERCAT shredder during shredding some farm waste to reduce its size and produce unconventional animal feed. A split-split plot design used to implement the experiment with three factors, first factor was the cutting knife type with two levels serrated edge and a smooth edge, the second factor was feeding speeds with two levels (5.5 and 9.5 rpm), and the third factor was types of crop waste with two levels (palm fronds and corn stalks) with three replicates. The cutting speed was fixed during the experiment (1450 rpm). Some machine performance indicators were studied, including machine productivity, total required power, specific energy and Power to accelerate the forage. The results indicated that the knife with a serrated edge achieved the highest productivity (109.60kg/h), the lowest total required power (7.00kw), and the lowest specific energy (0.0647kwh.kg-1). The lowest total required power was achieved (7.20 kw). The lowest Power to accelerate the forage (0.043kw) at feeding speed (5.5 rpm), while the type of crop (corn stalks) gave the lowest total power required (7.00 kw), the lowest Power to accelerate the forage (0.050 kw), and the lowest specific energy (0.0687kwh.kg-1), Increasing the feed speed increased the machine's productivity and the total required power, The highest machine productivity values, the lowest total power required, fuel consumption, specific energy using a knife with a serrated edge.
machine productivity, specific energy, agricultural waste, forages.
ESTIMATING THE ENERGY COST AND SYSTEM EFFICIENCY FOR SOLAR DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
In order to estimate the energy cost and system efficiency for solar drip irrigation system. The experiment was carried out at the Al-Raed research station located in the Abu Ghraib area, west of Baghdad, for the fall season of 2023. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates was used the least significant difference of 0.05 was used. The experiment consisted of three factors: The first factor was the solar panel type with two levels: monocrystalline and polycrystalline. The second factor was operating pressure of Irrigation system with two levels P1 (0.25 bar) and P2 (0.5 bar). The third factor was the dripper type with three levels: T1(4 L/hr.), T2(8 L/hr.), and T3(16 L/hr.). The following indicators were studied: Solar panel power(watt), energy cost ($/KWh), Irrigation system efficiency (%) and germination percentage (%). The results showed the highest results in solar panel power (1191watt), irrigation system efficiency (84.22%), germination percentage (86.11%) with the lowest power costs (0.230 $/KWh) achieved by the monocrystalline solar panel. Achieving the highest solar panel power (1156watt), the highest irrigation system efficiency (83.86%), and the highest germination percentage (83.68%) with the lowest energy costs (0.289 $/KWh) at the operating pressure P2. The dripper type T2 achieved the highest solar panel power (1157watt), the highest irrigation system efficiency (84.42%) and the highest germination percentage (86.46%).
Dripper, Energy cost, Germination percentage, Solar panel
THE EFFECT OF LONG AND SHORT LIGHTING SYSTEMS AND THE WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT COLORS ON THE CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF MALES BROILERS AND THE RELATIVE WEIGHTS OF SOME ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of wavelength of light and duration of illumination on the growth characteristics of broiler chickens of the Ross 308 line. at the Ministry of Agriculture - Department of Agricultural Research - Livestock Research Division - Poultry Research Station. three hundred one day of age male broiler chicks were used, divided randomly into 5 groups with replicates (20 birds per replicate). Treatments consisted in a: negative control treatment (C-); Long illumination, 23 hours of light (white): 1 hour of dark; Positive control treatment (C+);short illumination, 20 hours of light (white) with 4 hours of darkness; other treatments GL, RL, and BL, 20 hours of light with 4 hours of darkness (green, red, and blue, respectively). body weight, carcass weight, percentage of dressing (with and without internal organs), relative weights of primary and secondary carcass parts, abdominal fat and relative weights of certain organs of the digestive and immune systems were not found to differ significantly between treatments.
broilers Ross 308, light color, dressing percentage, carcass cuts.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION SERRATIA FONTICOLA FROM SOIL FOR PREPARATION IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES AND USING WITH GLYPHOSATE HERBICIDE AGAINST CYNODON DACTYLON L. (BERMUDA GRASS)
The mixture of Fe2O3 Nanoparticles prepared from Serratia fonticola with glyphosate herbicide were exposed against weeds (Bermuda) during the field experiment. A total of 42 soil samples were collected from various agricultural areas in Baghdad city, five species of bacteria that grew the most were selected for regarding other isolates: Enterobacter cloacae complex, Serratia fonticola, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pantoea spp. and Pseudomonas mendocina. Extracellular extracts of these bacteria were made and then used to manufacture iron oxide nanoparticles biologically. It was observed after measuring the average diameter by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) for each nanoparticles prepared from these bacteria were 65.14, 29.21, 63.87, 57.89 and 36.59 nm, respectively. Additionally, the synthesis conditions were precisely taken into consideration a pH of 7 and a temperature of 50°C. Based on the AFM values, Serratia fonticola was selected as having the smallest average diameter of 29.21 nm to complete the rest of the techniques, such as:- UV-VIS, FE-SEM and AFM. The wavelength of biosynthesis of Fe2O3 NPs is 378 nm, Image of Fe2O3 NPs displays spherical form and the average volume is 29.21 nm, respectively. Three concentrations of the prepared Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) from Serratia fonticola were 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g/ml which mixed with Glyphosate herbicide that according to the concentration recommended by the manufacturer and used against Bermuda grass in a controlled experimental environment. The best treatment was the 5 treatment was concentration of Fe2O3 NPs 1.5 g/ml with Glyphosate showed a significant impact on the growth and health of Bermuda grass during 7 days, it was shortest period of synergistic effects with the Glyphosate, influencing the color of grass, change, wilting, and growth cessation. Controlling Cynodon Dactylon L. (Bermuda weed) using Glyphosate herbicide and varying concentrations of Fe2O3NPs and choose the treatment that combined 1.5g/ml of Fe2O3 NPs with glyphosate had the highest control percentage 90% against Bermuda weed.
Bacterial species, Soil, Iron Nanoparticles, Cynodon dactylon, Glyphosate herbicide
EFFECT OF BRASSINOLIDE HORMONE ON SOME MORPHOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF ERUCA SATIVA MILL PLANT
A pots experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of the Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, for the growing season 2022-2023 to find out the effect of the concentrations of the growth regulator brassinolide on some morphological characteristics, the concentrations of macroelements (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus) and active compounds of the plant Eruca sativa Mill. The study was designed based on the Complete Randomized Design (CRD) and three replicates of 12 pots each, so that the number of pots was 36. Four concentrations of the growth regulator brassinolide (0, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5) mg L-1 were used. The results showed that spraying with the brassinolide growth regulator increased all the average characteristics studied, such as plant height, total chlorophyll index by Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) in the leaves, nitrogen concentration and potassium concentration, especially at a concentration of 2.5 mg L-1, while it had no significant effect on phosphorus concentration. The results also displayed a significant effect in all active compounds of the plant, especially at a concentration of 2.5 mg L-1, while the results of the examination and chromatographic diagnosis using High Performance Liquid Chromatography technique gave the diagnosis of nine active compounds in the E.sativa plant, namely: Progoitrin, Glucoalyssin, Gluconapin, 4-OH-Glucobrassicin, Glucoerucin, Glucobrassicin, Methoxybrassicin, Gluconasturtin and Neoglucobrassicin.
Brassinolide, Eruca sativa, Morphological, Chlorophyll, Active compounds.
INFLUENCE OF THE SPATIAL ENVIRONMENT ON DESIGNING URBAN VEGETATIVE LANDSCAPES ON THE RIVERBANKS IN AL-KADHIMIYA CITY
The urban uses of rivers have become common in cities, This has led to the emergence of diverse groups of open spaces along the riverbanks to interact with the river's environmental and natural system in various ways. However, the riverbanks in the city of Baghdad have not received sufficient attention for activating their riverbanks in terms of botanical design, given the scarcity of specialized local studies in this field. This study aimed to evaluate the riverbank in the Al-Kadhimiya area of Baghdad and conduct a comprehensive analysis of the site. This analysis includes examining the natural environment, functional analysis utilizing adjacent areas, vehicular and cultural values. The study aimed to understand the impact of these factors on the design of the urban vegetated landscape. Based on indicators identified from previous studies, indicators and values for each element were determined and applied to the current situation to assess the environmental context of the river edge in Al-Kadhimiya. The objective was to develop a theoretical framework that can be applied to the case study, allowing for the identification and addressing of shortcomings while recognizing and supporting strengths. The most important findings of The research is that using locally adapted plant species enhances environmental and cultural values while improving the functional and aesthetic values of the river edge. Additionally, selecting suitable plant species for specific locations increases visual openness, especially when integrated with perpendicular roads to the river edge and adjacent areas.
Riverbank, Al-Kadhimiya, landscape, plant design.
THE EFFICACY OF SOME ENDOPHYTES BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM TOMATO PLANTS TO SUPPRESS FUNGUS Alternaria solani IN LABORATORY CONDITIONS
Under laboratory conditions, the study assessed the efficacy of certain endophytic bacteria isolated from healthy tomato plants in suppressing the pathogenic fungus Alternaria solani, which causes early blight in laboratory conditions. The study was carried out in the Fungal Diseases Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture for the 2022 season. 20 bacterial isolates were obtained in several fields in Baghdad Governorate. the pathogenicity assay on tomato plants grown in pots revealed that 50% of the endophytic bacterial isolates showed pathological symptoms when tested individually on aplant, such as yellow spots, necrosis, wilting and death of certain plant leaves or the whole plant. In laboratory conditions, the results showed that 40% of the endophyte bacterial non pathogenic isolates caused a significant reduction in the growth rate of the pathogen on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). A.solani growth was most significantly inhibited by the isolate B9, which achieved 81.11%. Molecular diagnostics of bacterial isolation (B9) using the Bacterial ribosomal genes (16S rRNA) showed that it is the bacterium Alcaligenes faecalis.
early blight, A.solani ,Biological control ,endophytic bacteria.
STUDYING THE EFFECT OF PUMPKIN PEEL NANO EXTRACT ON INHIBITING THE ACTIVITY OF SOME MICROORGANISMS
The study aimed to evaluate the anti-alcoholic activity of pumpkin and nanoscale extract against some types of bacteria. The results showed that the Cu/Cs-NPs was more effective than the methanolic extract of pumpkin peel on all types of Used becteria in the study, despite the use of the plant extract at higher concentrations. Concentrations, the were 100 and 200 mg/ml, while the nano composite was used in lower concentrations, which were 16 and 32 mg/ml. The Cu/Cs-NPs gave the highest inhibition zones of (20.33, 17.33, 12.67, 16.33) mm at a concentration of 32 mg/ml for each. Of the For each bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli , respectively, while the methanolic extract of Pumpkin peels gave the highest zones of inhibition of (19.67, 16.67, 10.33, 67.15) mm at a concentration of 200 mg/ml for each of the bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for the Cu/Cs-NPs on all isolates of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria were 0.5 and 1 mg/ml, respectively, and 2 mg/ml,. On all isolates of Salmonella Typhi bacteria, 0.5 mg/ml for strains No. 1 and 4, and 0.25 mg/ml on isolates 2 and 3 for Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, while the MIC values for the methanolic extract of Pumpkin peels reached 8 mg/ml on all isolates of Escherichia coli bacteria, with the exception of Isolate No. 2 had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 16 mg/ml and 64 mg/ml on all isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, and the MIC values of the methanolic extract of Pumpkin peels reached 8 and 4 mg/ml on all isolates of Salmonella bacteria. Enterococcus and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The nanocomposite also showed high inhibitory activity compared to the methanolic extract against the tested fungi.
Pumpkin peels, chitosan, Nanotechnology, Methanol extract
THE FLOWER YIELD OF MARIGOLD CALENDULA OFFICINALIS PLANT AND THE CONTENT OF CAROTENOIDS AND TOTAL PHENOLICS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF SPRAYING WITH MORINGA LEAF EXTRACT AND YEAST AND ADDITION OF HUMIC ACID
A field experiment was carried out at College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad, during the fall seasons of 2021-2022 and 2022-2023. The aim of study the effect of foliar spraying with moringa extract and yeast, and the addition of humic acid was determi need, on the flower yield, carotenoids content, and total phenolics. A factorial experiment within a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Was implemeuted The study included three factors: foliar spraying with moringa leaf extract at concentrations of 0%,4%, 6% and 8% (M0-M1-M3-M2), yeast suspension at concentrations of 0 g L-1 , 5 g L-1 and 10 g L-1 (Y0-Y1-Y2), and adding humic acid at concentrations of 0 ml L-1 and 5 ml L-1 (H0-H1). Additionally, a control treatment (M0Y0H0) was included. The results showed a significant superiority of the interaction treatment M3Y2H1 in flower number, flower diameter, fresh flower yield, dry flower yield, carotenoid content, and total phenolics. Specifically, it recorded 37.43 flower plant-1, 7.960 cm, 571.3 kg ha-1, 78.81 kg ha-1, 168.6 mg 100 g-1, and 156.7 mg 100 g-1 for the first season and 35.15 flower plant-1, 7.950 cm, 523.2 kg ha-1, 72.33 kg ha-1, 164.5 mg 100 g-1, and 155.1 mg 100 g-1 for the second season, respectively, compared to the control treatment.
Plant Extracts, Organic Farming, Plant Pigments, Antioxidants
TOBAMOVIRUS SPECIFIC PRIMERS REVEALED A CO-INFECTION OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS AND PEPPER MILD MOTTLE VIRUS ON TOMATO IN IRAQ
This study was conducted to investigate Tobamoviruses infecting tomatoes. Leaf samples (n=10) from symptomatic tomato plants were screened for Tobamoviruses using Enzyme Linked Immune-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) and group specific antibodies. One sample scored the highest absorbance value (3.1790) was selected. Datura Stramonium was leaf inoculated with the sample selected to confirm the infection. Total ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted from tomato leaves and a complementary cDNA strand was synthesized. Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was performed using the primers TobUni1/TobUni2 targeting coat protein (CP) of the genus Tobamovirus genome. RT-PCR products were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and sequenced. Nucleotide sequences obtained were included in the National Center for Life Informatics (NCBI) database under accession numbers (PP032058 and PP032061). The detection of 2 Tobamoviruses in a single tomato plant was confirmed when DNA fragments amplified shared 98% maximum nucleotide sequence identity with Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) CP gene retrieved from NCBI. Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic tree confirmed the relatedness grouped TMV and PMMoV sequences to those from Spain (MK087763.1) and Brazil (KT923121.1), respectively, suggesting a common origin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of TMV and PMMoV mixed infection on tomato in Iraq, based on molecular approach. The two Tobamovirus co-infection may be a new threat to tomato production in Iraq.
local lesions, Tobamovirus, Mosaic, Group specific primers.
THE EFFECT OF AQUATIC AND ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS OF Brassica juicea ON THE EGGS HATCHING AND VITALITY OF SECOND-STAGE JUVENILES (J2) OF Meloidogyne SPP ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES.
The research aimed to evalauate the effectiveness of aquatic extract and Alcoholic extracts of seed and roots mustard under laboratory conditions at concentrations of) 0.5, 1, 1.5( %to inhibiting the eggs' hatching and viability of second-stage juveniles (J2). The results indicated that the Alcoholic extract of mustard seeds at a concentration of 1.5% showed effectiveness in reducing egg hatching after (24 ,48, 72) (h) with percentages of (32, 67.67, 88) compared to the control treatment, which had (16.33, 11.67, 9) eggs successively. On the other hand, the aquatic extract of mustard seeds showed effectiveness after (24 ،48، 72) (h) with egg hatching percentages of (68, 58.67, 25) compared to the control treatment, which had (16.33, 11.67, 9) eggs successively. Additionally, the Alcoholic extract of root at 1.5% concentration demonstrated efficacy in inhibiting egg hatching after (24 ,48, 72)(h) with counts of (76, 49.67, 30)eggs successively compared to the control treatment, which had (16.33, 11.67, 9) eggs. The alcoholic extract of mustard seeds at 1.5% concentration also exhibited effectiveness against the viability of second-stage juveniles (J2) after (24 ,48, 72) (h), with counts of (92.33, 76.67, 40) juveniles successively compared to the control treatment, which had (23, 17, 9.67) juveniles. Similarly, the aquatic extract of mustard seeds at 1.5% concentration showed efficacy against the viability of (J2) after (24 ,48, 72) (h), with counts of (68, 72, 31.70) juveniles successively compared to the control treatment, which had (23, 17, 9.67) juveniles. The alcoholic extract of roots at 1.5% concentration also demonstrated effectiveness against the viability of (J2) after (72, 48, 24) (h), with counts of (72, 76.67, 30) juveniles successively compared to the control treatment, which had (23, 17, 9.67) juveniles.
STUDY OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND STORAGE PROPERTIES OF LOCALLY CULTIVATED MORINGA OLEIFERA LAM
The study aimed to characterize the properties of Moringa oleifera Lam.The seed oil of Moringa was grown in the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences – University of Baghdad in summer season 2022-2023. The total composition of the seeds was estimated, and it was noted that the oil content in the seeds was high at 38.11%. The total fatty acid content of the oil extracted by the cold pressing method was estimated, the oleic acid was characterized as a high content of fatty acid, at 72.38%, followed by stearic acid, at 6.27%. Palmitic acid (6.17%). The antioxidants activity of Moringa were estimated as the total phenolic content (119 ppm), such as sterols, tocopherols and carotenoids at (1700, 88 and 17) ppm, respectively. Whereas the proportions of glycosides, tannins and saponins were (4.22, 5.88, 5.89) % respectively. Some physical properties of the oil were estimated at a temperature of 25°C. The refractive index value was 1.499, the specific gravity was 0.9238, and the melting point of the oil was 12.9°C. In addition the chemical properties of the extracted oil, the iodine value free fatty acids peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid were (120.8, 0.16,0.24 and 0.051) meq/kg oil, respectively, of TBARS (milligrams of malonaldehyde per kilogram of sample). The results of the antioxidant test showed that Moringa oleifera seed oil was higher thanascorbic acid in scavenging free radicals (Diphenyl-2-picrylhdrazyl DPPH). Finally,the oil was high stability through the Rancimat test was more than 5 hours at a temperature of 200 degrees Celsius., respectively. Thus, Moringa oleifera seed oil was the most important strategic oils that can be used to provide a healthy source of oil is was included in sustainable development programs after the success of its cultivation in many parts of the world, including Iraq, to ensure food and health security.
Physicochemical properties, Moringa oleifera Lam. Oil, Oleic acid, DPPH, Rancimat.
THE IMPACT OF BENZYL ADENINE, ORGANIC FERTILIZERS, AND THINNING ON THE YIELD PROPERTIES OF DATE PALM CV. MEJHOUL
This study was conducted at the Rashidiya Date Palm Station, one of the projects of the Horticulture Department/Ministry of Agriculture in Iraq for the 2023 season. This study was aimed to know the effect of benzyl adenine, adding organic fertilizers, and thinning on the yield properties of date palm Cv. Mejhoul. The experiment included three factors. The first factor was the benzyl adenine (B) spray with three concentrations (0, 100, 150 mgL-1). The second factor involved adding humic acid with seaweed extract (HS) to the soil at three levels (0, 1 kg humic acid + 150 g seaweed extract, 2 kg humic acid + 300 g seaweed extract). The third factor was thinning (T) the flower clusters at two levels (without thinning, removing 10 cm from the tips of the flowering clusters with the removal of the central area for branching). The results showed that the T1 B2 F2 treatment had a significant effect on most of the study indicators, such as the average weight, size, length, and diameter of the fruit, average stalk weight, and total yield, with values reaching 36.68 g, 42.00 cm3, 6.66 cm, 3.36 cm, 8.063 kg, and 40.31 kg, respectively, compared to the measurement treatment.
Cytokinin, fertilization, fruit quality, improving productivity, Arecaceae
PHENOTYPIC AND GENOTYPIC DETECTION OF METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ISOLATED FROM LOCAL AND IMPORTED MEAT SOLD IN BAGHDAD CITY.
This study aimed to Isolation and identification with molecular detection of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from imported (frozen) and local (fresh) meat using selective media, biochemical tests, VITECK 2 technology, and conventional PCR with sequencing. (100) meat samples were collected from different markets in Baghdad city, (50) samples from each local and imported meat. The results of cultural isolation from frozen meat reported (4/50) 8% as MRSA isolates, while, only (3/50) 6% of MRSA isolates were isolated from the fresh meat samples. All suspected isolates of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were positive for VITEK 2 system. The results of PCR assay of (7) positive isolates from both of local and imported meat samples shown 100% (7/7) for nuc and mecA gene, 71.42% (5/7) for possessed PVL gene and 6/7 (85.71%) for spa gene. The results of current study concluded that both two types of meat sold in local markets were contaminated with this dangerous pathogenic and the imported meat showed higher contamination rate with (MRSA) than the local fresh meat.
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, local meat, imported meat, PCR and sequencing.
EVALUATION THE EFFECT OF USING RESVERATROL SUPPLEMENT TO THE CHILLED GROUND BEEF ON FAT OXIDATION AND SOME QUALITATIVE AND MICROBIAL CHARACTERISTICS
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of adding resveratrol on fat oxidation and some qualitative and microbial characteristics of ground beef cold storage at 2 C° for 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 d. All resveratrol treatments significantly increased myoglobin concentration as compared with control treatment during cold storage periods. There was a significant decrease in peroxide value (PV) (P<0.05), the percentage of the drip loss and cooking loss between the different treatments as compared with control treatment during cold storage periods. Resveratrol treatments also significantly (P˂0.05) reduced the numbers of psychrophilic bacteria during cold storage periods.
polyphenol, myoglobin, BHA, psychrophilic bacteria.
EFFECT AZOTOBACTER, MYCORRHIZAE, VERMICOMPOST, AND SPRAY NPK ON QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF C.V HELAWANI GRAPE.
The experiment was carried out in one of private orchards of Diyala during two seasons (2022- 2023) on grape vines at 15 years old, to study effect of adding bacterial and fungal biofertilizers, vermicompost fertilizer, and foliar applied mineral fertilizer Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) on growth and production characteristics on cv. Helwani grape vines. Experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) arranged as a split plot with three factors with Three replicates, experimental unit included one tree with the total number of 72 trees for the experiment. First factor included the addition of biofertilizers which included: without inoculation (M0), inoculation with 400 g of fungi (M1), inoculation with 200 g of bacterial (M2) and inoculation with both bacteria and fungi (M3). Second factor included the addition of organic fertilizer with three treatments, without addition (N0), adding 5 kg/ tree-1 (N1) and adding 7 kg/tree-1 (N2), and the third factor included foliar applied mineral fertilizer NPK as two treatments, without spraying (F0) and Spraying with 2.5 ml L-1 of fertilizer (F1). Four foliar applications were applied at 30-day intervals when leaves reached full expansion. Results showed significant impact by the triple interaction treatment M3N2F1 on the treats quality by TSS, total acidity, anthocyanin, carbohydrate and nitrogen in the cans by giving it the highest values ​​for these treats, 18.25%, 19.90%, 0.461%, 0.485%, 98.41, 92.24 mg100g-1, 19.37%, 22.13% and 0.048%, 0.066% for both seasons respectively.
Mycorrhiza, Azotobacter, organic, foliar, Chemical.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF NEW HALOTOLERANT BACTERIAL STRAINS FROM SALTY FOOD
This study aimed to isolate a halotolerant bacterial strain, four samples were collected from four sources (salty food) during February 2023. four bacterial isolates were obtained using Modified Nutrient Agar (MNA) by raising the concentration of sodium chloride to 5% as a medium for isolation. Bacterial isolates were initially diagnosed based on culture and morphological characteristics. The obtained isolates showed varying sensitivity to five types of antibiotics, including ampicillin, azithromycin, amoxicillin, cefexin, and gentamycin. The isolates also showed varying ability to grow in a temperature range from 10 to 50 ℃. The results indicated that the isolates were able to grow differently in different concentrations of sodium chloride, which included (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%), two isolates showed their ability to grow at a concentration of 30% of sodium chloride. These two isolates were subjected to molecular diagnosis based on the sequences of the 16s rRNA gene, and the result showed that they are two new, previously undiagnosed strains that were registered at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), which are Oceanobacillus sp. strain Elham A and Oceanobacillus sp.strain Thana.
halophilic bacteria, high salinity, antibiotic sensitivity, 16SrRNA.
USING LOCALLY ISOLATED BACILLUS SUBTILIS ZE2013 IN THE PRODUCTION OF SURFACTIN AND STUDYING SOME OF THE OPTIMAL CONDITIONS FOR ITS PRODUCTION
This study was aimed to using the locally isolated Bacillus subtilis ZE2013 and molecularly identified B. subtilis ZE2013 to produce surfactin,and studying of the optimal it’s conditions, the crude bacteria filtrate have been extracted from culture growth for B. subtilis ZE2013, surfactin was detected by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technology, the results of HPLC analysis revealed that retention time of the produced surfactin from B. subtilis ZE2013 reached 6.02 min compared to the retention time of the stander surfactin which was 6.09 min, as the concentration of surfactin reached 1588 mg/kg, then detected on the active groups and comparing with the standard surfactin by use the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscope(FT-IR),than study the optimal condition for surfactin production, and effectiveness assay determination by use percentage of inhibition of antagonistic activity against selected indicator pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhoi, Bacillus cereus. The results showed that Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB), was the optimal culture medium for producing surfactin, inhibitory and the percentage of inhibition against pathogenic bacteria reached 59%, 70%, 65%, and 57% respectively, the glucose was the best carbon source, and tryptophan was the optimal sources of nitrogen. For surfactin production, the percentage of inhibition reached 51%,69%,62%,and 58% ; 59.5%,69.5%,65% and 58%, respectively, and the optimal temperature, was 35°C and the optimal number of ph=7, the percentage of inhibition was 60.5%, 70%, 65.5%, and 58.5%; 59.5%, 69.7%, 65%, and57.5% respectively, and incubation duration 48 h was 60.1%, 70%, 65.2%, and 55% for surfactin production.
B. subtilis ZE2013, surfactin, HPLC, Trypticase Soy Broth
PREPARATION OF PROTEIN CONCENTRATES FROM THE WASTE OF CARP FISH (Cyprinus carpio) AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE NITROGEN SOURCE FOR THE GROWTH OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA
This study aimed to prepare protein concentrates from carp fish (Cyprinus carpio) waste as an alternative to nitrogen sources for the growth of lactic acid bacteria. Two types of protein concentrates were prepared using the pH shift method (Acidic protein concentrate at pH 2/4.5 and Basic protein concentrate at pH 12/4.5). The results showed that the process of removing the fat and precipitating proteins at the isoelectric point contributed to increasing protein recovery in the protein concentrates, the number of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, and Bifidobacterium animalis colonies in the alternative media was lower than the commercial DeMan, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) medium, the number of Lactobacillus plantarum colonies was approximated to the commercial media, while the number of Bifidobacterium infantis colonies was higher than the commercial media.
Commercial media ,Culture media, Isoelectric point