Iraqi Journal of Market Research and Consumer Protection
Scientific refereed journal, accredited for the purposes of scientific promotions, issued by the market research and consumer protection center, university of Baghdad, Iraq with two numbers a year, publishes scientific research in the fields of social sciences directly related to the market and consumer and in the field of several including public health, marketing, Economics, Environment, Agriculture, Pure Sciences, and Information
Market Research and Consumer Protection Center, University of Baghdad
EVALUATION THE EFFECT OF USING RESVERATROL SUPPLEMENT TO THE CHILLED GROUND BEEF ON FAT OXIDATION AND SOME QUALITATIVE AND MICROBIAL CHARACTERISTICS
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of adding resveratrol on fat oxidation and some qualitative and microbial characteristics of ground beef cold storage at 2 C° for 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 d. All resveratrol treatments significantly increased myoglobin concentration as compared with control treatment during cold storage periods. There was a significant decrease in peroxide value (PV) (P<0.05), the percentage of the drip loss and cooking loss between the different treatments as compared with control treatment during cold storage periods. Resveratrol treatments also significantly (P˂0.05) reduced the numbers of psychrophilic bacteria during cold storage periods.
polyphenol, myoglobin, BHA, psychrophilic bacteria.
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EFFECT AZOTOBACTER, MYCORRHIZAE, VERMICOMPOST, AND SPRAY NPK ON QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF C.V HELAWANI GRAPE.
The experiment was carried out in one of private orchards of Diyala during two seasons (2022- 2023) on grape vines at 15 years old, to study effect of adding bacterial and fungal biofertilizers, vermicompost fertilizer, and foliar applied mineral fertilizer Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) on growth and production characteristics on cv. Helwani grape vines. Experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) arranged as a split plot with three factors with Three replicates, experimental unit included one tree with the total number of 72 trees for the experiment. First factor included the addition of biofertilizers which included: without inoculation (M0), inoculation with 400 g of fungi (M1), inoculation with 200 g of bacterial (M2) and inoculation with both bacteria and fungi (M3). Second factor included the addition of organic fertilizer with three treatments, without addition (N0), adding 5 kg/ tree-1 (N1) and adding 7 kg/tree-1 (N2), and the third factor included foliar applied mineral fertilizer NPK as two treatments, without spraying (F0) and Spraying with 2.5 ml L-1 of fertilizer (F1). Four foliar applications were applied at 30-day intervals when leaves reached full expansion. Results showed significant impact by the triple interaction treatment M3N2F1 on the treats quality by TSS, total acidity, anthocyanin, carbohydrate and nitrogen in the cans by giving it the highest values ​​for these treats, 18.25%, 19.90%, 0.461%, 0.485%, 98.41, 92.24 mg100g-1, 19.37%, 22.13% and 0.048%, 0.066% for both seasons respectively.
Mycorrhiza, Azotobacter, organic, foliar, Chemical.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF NEW HALOTOLERANT BACTERIAL STRAINS FROM SALTY FOOD
This study aimed to isolate a halotolerant bacterial strain, four samples were collected from four sources (salty food) during February 2023. four bacterial isolates were obtained using Modified Nutrient Agar (MNA) by raising the concentration of sodium chloride to 5% as a medium for isolation. Bacterial isolates were initially diagnosed based on culture and morphological characteristics. The obtained isolates showed varying sensitivity to five types of antibiotics, including ampicillin, azithromycin, amoxicillin, cefexin, and gentamycin. The isolates also showed varying ability to grow in a temperature range from 10 to 50 ℃. The results indicated that the isolates were able to grow differently in different concentrations of sodium chloride, which included (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%), two isolates showed their ability to grow at a concentration of 30% of sodium chloride. These two isolates were subjected to molecular diagnosis based on the sequences of the 16s rRNA gene, and the result showed that they are two new, previously undiagnosed strains that were registered at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), which are Oceanobacillus sp. strain Elham A and Oceanobacillus sp.strain Thana.
halophilic bacteria, high salinity, antibiotic sensitivity, 16SrRNA.
USING LOCALLY ISOLATED BACILLUS SUBTILIS ZE2013 IN THE PRODUCTION OF SURFACTIN AND STUDYING SOME OF THE OPTIMAL CONDITIONS FOR ITS PRODUCTION
This study was aimed to using the locally isolated Bacillus subtilis ZE2013 and molecularly identified B. subtilis ZE2013 to produce surfactin,and studying of the optimal it’s conditions, the crude bacteria filtrate have been extracted from culture growth for B. subtilis ZE2013, surfactin was detected by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technology, the results of HPLC analysis revealed that retention time of the produced surfactin from B. subtilis ZE2013 reached 6.02 min compared to the retention time of the stander surfactin which was 6.09 min, as the concentration of surfactin reached 1588 mg/kg, then detected on the active groups and comparing with the standard surfactin by use the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscope(FT-IR),than study the optimal condition for surfactin production, and effectiveness assay determination by use percentage of inhibition of antagonistic activity against selected indicator pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhoi, Bacillus cereus. The results showed that Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB), was the optimal culture medium for producing surfactin, inhibitory and the percentage of inhibition against pathogenic bacteria reached 59%, 70%, 65%, and 57% respectively, the glucose was the best carbon source, and tryptophan was the optimal sources of nitrogen. For surfactin production, the percentage of inhibition reached 51%,69%,62%,and 58% ; 59.5%,69.5%,65% and 58%, respectively, and the optimal temperature, was 35°C and the optimal number of ph=7, the percentage of inhibition was 60.5%, 70%, 65.5%, and 58.5%; 59.5%, 69.7%, 65%, and57.5% respectively, and incubation duration 48 h was 60.1%, 70%, 65.2%, and 55% for surfactin production.
B. subtilis ZE2013, surfactin, HPLC, Trypticase Soy Broth
PREPARATION OF PROTEIN CONCENTRATES FROM THE WASTE OF CARP FISH (Cyprinus carpio) AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE NITROGEN SOURCE FOR THE GROWTH OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA
This study aimed to prepare protein concentrates from carp fish (Cyprinus carpio) waste as an alternative to nitrogen sources for the growth of lactic acid bacteria. Two types of protein concentrates were prepared using the pH shift method (Acidic protein concentrate at pH 2/4.5 and Basic protein concentrate at pH 12/4.5). The results showed that the process of removing the fat and precipitating proteins at the isoelectric point contributed to increasing protein recovery in the protein concentrates, the number of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, and Bifidobacterium animalis colonies in the alternative media was lower than the commercial DeMan, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) medium, the number of Lactobacillus plantarum colonies was approximated to the commercial media, while the number of Bifidobacterium infantis colonies was higher than the commercial media.
Commercial media ,Culture media, Isoelectric point
THE EVALUATION OF HEMATOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN IRAQI PATIENTS INFECTED WITH HYDATID CYST
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an endemic disease that causes serious disease and economic loss in the majority of countries around the world. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of disease on some haematological, biochemical and immunological parameters in Iraqi patients with hydatid cyst. The study included 50 CE patients which their samples were collected from several hospitals in Baghdad, Iraq, for CE removal surgery and 50 healthy controls. The serum was collected from January 2022 to June 2023. The patients group ranged in age was 20–55 years. Rural patients were infected at a higher rate than urban patients (58.00% and 42.00%, respectively), The lung was the most affected organ (74.00%), followed by the liver (18.00%), then the liver and lung together (8.00%). CE patients had significantly higher in number of white blood cell WBC than control group members (11.54 ± 0.23 and 7.87 ± 0.27, respectively). Alsothe levels of haemoglobin (Hb); packed cell volume (PCV), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESR were elevated in patients with hydatid cyst (11.84 ± 0.18 mg/ml; 37.49 ± 0.58 mg/dl, and 30.17± 1.23 respectively) compared to individuals in the control group (13.60 ± 0.16; 42.90 ± 0.48, and 8.90 ± 0.91 respectively). They also found higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) 33.33% of patients with hydatid cysts. Upon evaluating liver function in patients with CE, it was observed that there were elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (27.86 U/L and 32.74 U/L respectively) compared to individuals in the control group. The results demonstrated that the concentration of TNF-α in the serum of patients with CE was no significant (P < 0.05) compared to that of the controls group (154.44± 10.66 ng/L and 139.58± 7.64ng/L respectivelly). Conclusion: to our findings, the present study has explained that the infection with hydatid disaese affects haematological and liver function after examination of some biochemicals related to liver function and immunological parameters. This may interfere with their immune system's inflammatory response and contribute to the pathogenesis of CE.
Cystic echinococcosis, C-reactive protein, hematological, Liver functions.
IMPACT OF AMMONIUM HEXAFLUOROSILICATE ON REMINERALIZATION OF ROOT CARIES
Ammonium hexafluorosilicate solution has gained attention as a fluoride-based compound potentially preventing dental caries and treating dentin hypersensitivity without discoloration. This study aimed to evaluate ammonium hexafluorosilicate's efficacy in remineralizing demineralized human dentin compared to sodium fluoride and deionized water. Fifty-seven sound, permanent human maxillary first premolars collected from Iraqi patients, two teeth for Scanning Electron Microscopy and the remaining divided randomly into 5 groups: control (-ve) represented by deionized water, control (+ve) represented by 2% sodium fluoride, and three study groups with different concentrations 10000, 15000, 20000 ppm of ammonium hexafluorosilicate respectively, one tooth from each group selected for Scanning Electron Microscopy and the other for Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy. The teeth were tested for baseline reading, after demineralization and after treatment with selected concentrations of ammonium hexafluorosilicate, sodium fluoride, and deionized water according to their group’s design by using Energy dispersive Spectroscopy in al-Khora company in Baghdad city. Data were analyzed by using Shapiro Wilk, Repeated Measure Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's HSD. There was a significant increase in the weight percentage of (calcium, phosphorous, and fluoride) in the treatment stage as compared with the demineralized dentin in all the study groups. the 20000-ppm group, exhibited the highest increase in these key remineralization elements, confirming previous Scanning Electron Microscopy findings. Compared to the demineralized state, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy analysis showed dentin treated with ammonium hexafluorosilicate exhibited a significant increase in the weight percentage of key remineralization elements: calcium, phosphorus, and fluoride. The highest positive change was observed in the group treated with 20,000 ppm ammonium hexafluorosilicate; these are supported by Scanning Electron Microscopy findings.
Ammonium hexafluorosilicate, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, human demineralized dentin, root caries.
DETECTION OF ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
This research was aimed to isolate and diagnose Aspergillus species from this -infected animals collected. From several Baghdad areas, Fifty samples were taken from animals with respiratory illnesses. Molds were isolated and identified using conventional methods (fungal culture on Czapek-Dox agar incubated at 37°C for 3–7 days, then macroscopic, microscopic examination of the colony with lactophenol cotton blue stain) and molecular methods (PCR for identification). Partial ribosomal DNA (rDNA) from different Aspergillus strains was aligned to find the optimum primers for gene and species identification. A PCR approach for identifying Aspergillus fumigatus-related species was developed utilizing specific primers. To examine the specificities and sensitivities of such primers, 14 putative Aspergillus fumigatus isolates were PCR-tested. Only 3 were verified as having Glip P toxin. The PCR technique was sensitive and detected A. fumigatus isolates and closely related species. Our findings show that these primers can identify A. fumigatus. In a phylogenetic tree study, we compared our ITS sequence (Iraq), OR578448.1 to global sequences. Our sequence was more similar to Russia and Brazil, OR578448.1 and OR727320.1, but more different from Portugal, KF367498.1 and Pakistan, MT316338.1. Detecting the gliP gene in A. fumigatus was especially fascinating because of its medicinal involvement in gliotoxin production. PCR detects Aspergillus fumigatus in aspergillosis quickly, precisely, and sensitively.
Small ribosomal gene (ITS), Aspergillus fumigatus, PCR Technique, Sequencing, Phylogenetic tree.
USING PHENOTYPIC INDICATORS TO STUDY GENETIC DIVERSITY OF SOME ARABIAN DATE PALM CULTIVARS
Ten Cultivrs of Arabian date palms were selected from palm stations affiliated to Ministry of Agriculture. The study included 14 phenotypic indicators, such as trunk, leaves, and fruit traits. The trait of Shoot tip shape was distinguished by giving the highest value for the genetic diversity index Plymorphism information content (PIC), which amounted to About 0.642, while the lowest value for genetic diversity index PIC was for Fruit stalk color and the Khalal test, which amounted to 0.268.The results of the genetic dimension analysis, using the Euclidean guide, showed that the highest Euclidean dimension among the varieties was between the Sultani and Khalas varieties, which amounted to 0.66071, while the lowest genetic dimension was between the two varieties, Nabtat sayf, and Khalas, which amounted to 0.13095. The results from cluster analysis, based on the Euclidean guide using the UPGMA method, show that date palm varieties were divided into two main groups with a Euclidean dimension of 0.24. The Eajwat Almadina variety was only one in the first group, and the second group included the rest of the varieties, which in turn were divided into two groups with a Euclidean dimension of 0.3. The first group was divided into Two sections with a Euclidean dimension of 0.35, as the variety Eanbara was included in the first section, while the second section included both varieties Medjool and Alsaqi with a Euclidean dimension of 0.53.
Date palm, Genetic Diversity, Morphological Marker. Plymorphism information content.
EFFECT OF SOME CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FACTORS ON ROOT KNOTS NEMATODE MELOIDOGYNE SPP. IN VITRO
This study, conducted at the University of Baghdad, College of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Department of Plant Protection, aimed to evaluate both chemical and biological factors in inhibiting the hatching of Meloidogyne spp. nematode eggs using ascorbic acid and potassium phosphate at three different concentrations (50, 30, 10 mM). The study aimed to select the effective concentration that significantly impacts the vitality of nematode eggs and juveniles. Additionally, some earthworm-derived products were tested in both solid and liquid states, comparing the results with a commercial compost powder. The results indicated that the vermicompost produced in this study (liquid and dry) exhibited the highest inhibition percentage for Meloidogyne spp. egg hatching at concentrations of 0.7 and 0.07 gm, respectively. The inhibition percentage reached 100% after 72 hours under laboratory conditions.
Nematode Root Knot, Earth Worm, Salt, Organic Fertilizers, Acid.
REQUIREMENTS FOR EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN IRAQ
The research aims to determine the requirements for effective governance in agricultural extension in Iraq, and to achieve goal search returned questionnaire in light of previous literature and studies related to the subject and the opinions of specialized experts and their approval thereof, which consists of (38) paragraphs distributed over (3) areas, namely: Administrative and organizational requirements. and Human requirements and Material and financial requirements. The research community included all the governorates of adult Iraq their number is (15) governorates with the exception of the governorates of the Kurdistan region Random sample of (50%) was drawn from it in (8) governorates, namely (Kirkuk, Baghdad, Diyala, Holy Karbala, Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf, Al-Qadisiyah,, Dhi Qar, Basra). The research was limited to (150) managers and (96) experts in the Department of Agricultural Extension and Training and its extension centers and farms, as well as the agricultural extension departments in the agricultural directorates in the governorates included in the research sample, and the agricultural extension units in the agricultural divisions affiliated with these directorates. Thus, the total number of the sample of respondents became (246) respondents. The data was collected, using the questionnaire and the personal interview method during the period from (16/7/2023 to 18/9/2023), the results of the research showed that the material and financial requirements came in first place with a weighted mean of (4.42) degrees, and a percentage weight of (88.3) degrees, followed by the human requirements with a weighted mean of (4.37) degrees, and a percentage weight of (87.3) degrees, while the organizational and administrative requirements came in last place with a weighted mean of (4.22) degrees, and a percentage weight of (84.29) degrees. Accordingly, the researchers recommended the necessity of the Ministry of Agriculture/ Department of Agricultural Extension and Training adopting all paragraphs. And the areas of governance requirements to advance the reality of agricultural extension work in Iraq.
Requirements, governance, agricultural extension.
EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF FOOD CONTACT DURATION ON CARDBOARD CONTAINING PERFLUORINATED COMPOUNDS IN LOCAL MARKETS OF BAGHDAD GOVERNORATE
In this experimental study, various tests were conducted on the thickness, imbibition, roughness, and microstructure of cardboard containing perfluorinated compounds for some boxes of crispy chicken, french fries, and ice cream commonly used in Baghdad Governorate, to study the effect of crispy chicken and french fries for a period of time (10, 20, 30) minutes and ice cream. (15,30,45) days on some of its properties, and the results revealed that the thickness and percentage of imbibition increased directly with increasing experiment duration at all temperatures studied. The lowest values were reported in 10 minutes for boxes of crispy chicken, French fries boxes, and 15 days for ice cream boxes. The thickness was (326,637.333, 270.333) μm, and the percentage of imbibition was (247,15,294)%, respectively. The longest time taken was 30 minutes for crispy chicken boxes and French fries boxes, and 45 days for ice cream boxes. The thickness was calculated to be (334, 644.333, 283.167) μm, and the percentage of imbibition was (331, 205, 423)%. At all temperatures utilized in the investigation, the roughness and microstructure assessment values increased directly with the duration of the migration experiment. The lowest roughness values were recorded at 10 minutes for the crispy chicken box and French fries boxes, and 15 days for the ice cream box (0.431, 0.167, and 0.501), respectively, whereas the highest values were recorded at 30 minutes for the crispy chicken box and potato box, and 45 days for the ice cream box (0.522, 0.264, 0.806). The lowest microstructure values (0.103, 0.037, 0.115) micrometers were obtained after 10 minutes for crispy chicken boxes and French fries boxes, and 15 days for ice cream containers. The highest values (1.443, 0.047, 0.313) μm were measured after 30 minutes for crispy chicken boxes and French fries boxes, and 45 days for ice cream boxes.
cardboard, thickness, imbibition, roughness, microstructure.
EFFECT OF ADDING SUMAC AND, RED PIPPER POWDER AND THEIR MIXTURE TO THE DIET ON SOME IMMUNOLOGICAL TRIATS AND THE MICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF THE BROILER GUT
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of adding sumac powder, red pepper, and their mixture to feed on immune traits and the microbial community of the digestive tract of broiler chickens that are raised for 42d. Two hundred non-sexed chicks of the Ross 308 breed were used,. The chicks had an initial weight of 37 g per chick. They were randomly distributed among per each coop. The experiment included four treatments with five replicates each, with an average of 10 chicks per replicate. During the experimental period, the chicks were fed three types of balanced feed containing protein and energy. While the control treatment (T1) consisted of a standard feed without any additions, Add 5 g/kg of Sumac powder for the second treatment (T2) and 5 g/kg of hot red pepper for the third treatment (T3). For the fourth treatment (T4), add a mixture of sumac powder and hot red pepper, with 2.5 g/kg of each. The current study concluded that broiler chickens fed with feed containing sumac powder and red pepper achieved a higher relative weight of fabri's cecropia and a relative index of Fabri's cecropia in favor of the additive treatments. Moreover, they exhibited a higher rate of lactobacilli counts in the cecal region, along with a higher level of antibodies directed against Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease.
Antioxidants, Fabricia, Lactobacilli, Coliform bacteria.
THE INTERFERING EFFECT OF BIO- AND ORGANIC FERTILIZERS UNDER TWO LEVELS OF WATER STRESS ON SOME PHYSICAL AND FERTILITY PROPERTIES OF THE SOIL AND THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF SORGHUM
In the spring season of 2023, a field experiment was carried out in a private field located in the al-Dura/Hor Rajab area. The purpose of the experiment was to evaluate the effects of various levels of bio-fertilizer (mycorrhiza and azospirillium bacteria) and the addition of organic fertilizer AgriM40 on the growth and yield of sorghum in saline soil. The experiment also examined the influence of two levels of water stress on the sorghum plants. The soil used in the experiment was a saline soil. The experimental design for the study site was the Split Split-Block arrangement with a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The study involved three factors: the primary factor was irrigation breaks, with two levels 5 and 10 days, the secondary factor was a bio-fertilizer consisting of a mixture of mycorrhiza fungus and azospirillium bacteria, with two levels without addition. The sub-secondary factor was organic fertilizer (Agri M40) with three levels (20, 40, and 80L ha-1). The findings demonstrated the improved performance of the I5 irrigation separator treatment in terms of nitrogen concentration in the soil and grain yield, with values of 21.088 mg kg-1 soil and 6969.83 mg h-1, respectively. The biofertilizer B1 treatment outperformed in terms grain yield, with values 6563.17 mg h-1, respectively. Similarly, the organic fertilizer treatment 80Lha-1 surpassed in grain yield, with values of 6551.00 mg h-1, respectively. The simultaneous application of the bio-fertilizer and irrigation had a notable impact on the level of available potassium in the soil and the crop yield, resulting in a concentration of 8.040 mg kg-1 soil and a yield of 171.80 mg h-1. Regarding the simultaneous use of organic fertilizer and irrigation, there were notable disparities observed, respectively. In terms of the triple overlap, the coefficients I10B1C3, I10B1C2, and I5B1C3 exhibited considerable variations in the bulk density and concentration K of soil and grain yield. The values were 1.433 mg m-3, 130.030 mg kg-1 soil, and 7664.00 mg h-1.
Biofertilizer, Organic fertilizer, Physical properties, Sorghum plant
EFFECT OF TWO GENUS OF MICROORGANISMS AS BIO-FERTILIZERS AND PHOSPHATE FERTILIZATION WITH BRASSINOLIDE SPRAYING ON PLANT GROWTH, AND QUALITY AND YIELD OF POTATO TUBERS
The experiment was carried out in southwest Baghdad- the Radwaniyah region during fall season 2021 and spring season 2022 that aimed to study the effect of biological inoculation, and phosphate fertilization and spraying with Brassinolide on the growth, productivity and quality of industrial potato (Arsenal cultivar), the experiment carried out as a three factors (4×3×3) in the order of split plot within the design of Randomized complete block design (RCBD), the biological factor was distributed into main plots and interaction between phosphorus levels and the growth regulator Brassinolide within sub plots using three replicates, Bio-fertilizers included Aspergillus niger alone and Bacillus megaterium alone and the combination between them in addition to the comparison treatment, phosphorus at three levels (0, 10,200) kg P2O5 ha-1 and Brassinolide spraying of three levels (0,0.1,0.2) mg L-1. The results showed that triple combination of Bio-fertilizers together with the addition of phosphorus at the level of 200 kg P2O5 ha-1 and spraying with Brassinolide at a concentration of 0.1 mg L-1 produced significant highest leaves area (141.110 and 142.856) dm-2 plant-1 and dry weight of plant (58.778 and 75.000) g plant-1 and marketable yield (32.136 and 35.606) tons ha-1 for both seasons, the combination treatment of Bio-fertilizers together with phosphorus at the level of 200 kg P2O5 ha-1 and spraying with Brassinolide at 0.2 mg L-1 in the percentage of total sugars (3.667 and 2.453)% and the specific density (1.089 and 1.084) g cm-2 compared to the comparison treatment produced lowest value for both seasons.
industrial potato, biological inoculation, fertilizer, p2o5. Aspergillus niger, Bacillus megaterium.
EFFECT OF PLANTING DATE, SPARYING WITH KINETIN ON VITALITY AND VIGOUR OF SEEDS OF STEVIA REBAUDIANA BERTONI
A laboratory experiment was carried out in the Seed Technology Laboratory of the Field Crops Department - College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad- Al-Jadriyah, aiming to study the effect of planting dates and spraying with kinetin and the interaction between them on the vitality and vigor parameters of the resulting (stevia rebaudina) plant seeds. The experiment was implemented according to the completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications comprising two factors. The first factor represented the dates of planting seedlings, as it included three spring dates: February 15, March 1, and March 15,. The second factor was spraying with three concentrations of kinetin (25, 50, and 75mg L-1), in addition to the control treatment of spraying with distilled water only, referred to as K0.​ The results showed that the late planting date was superior in the first count and the second count in the standard laboratory germination test, radical length, plumule length, seedling dry weight, cold test, and seedling vigor index (21.50%, 55.56%, 15.936 mm, 8.719 mm, 3.494 mg, 24.23%, 1374.0 mg, respectively). The highest concentration of kinetin in the first count and the second count was superior in the standard laboratory germination test, radical length, plumule length, seedling dry weight, cold test, and the seedling vigor index (20.00%, 49.58%, 14.998 mm, 7.745 mm, 2.758 mg, 20%, 1170.5 mg, respectively). Based on the findings of this study, altering the planting date and using kinetin spray significantly impacts the viability of the resulting seeds. Delaying the planting date until mid-March and using the highest concentration of kinetin (75 mg L-1) has been observed to increase the seed viability.
Stevia rebaudian Bertoni, plant growth regulators, temperatures, seed germination.
EFFECT OF FOLIAR SPRAYING WITH MELATONIN, POTASSIUM, AND ZINC ON SOME VEGETATIVE TRAITS AND SAPLING CONTENT OF SOME CHEMICALS IN KUMQUAT SAPLINGS
The experiment was conducted in one of lath houses of Fruit Section belong to Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Research Station (B) for 2022 season to study effect of spraying with the growth regulator melatonin, potassium, and zinc on the growth of 3-year-old kumquat saplings Budded on lemon rootstock. A factorial experiment consisting of three factors with three replicates was conducted, using the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) experimental design. The factors were foliar spraying with melatonin, potassium sulfate, and organic zinc. The addition was made at two times: spring and autumn. The results were as follows, where the main factor of the three factors, their interaction, had a significant effect on the traits under study. The results indicate that the concentration of 20 mg L-1 of melatonin outperformed in the following vegetative traits (plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, number of leaves, leaf area). The same factor also increased the plant content of the following chemicals (nitrogen, potassium, zinc, chlorophyll, carbohydrates). It is also observed that potassium sulfate at a concentration of 3000 mg L-1 and organic zinc at a concentration of 1000 mg L-1 gave the highest measurements for the same traits affected by melatonin.
Plant height, Kumquat, Chlorophyll, Leaf area, Dry matter.
EVALUATION SALIVARY LEVELS OF LACTOPEROXIDASE AND LACTOFERRIN IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN WITH DENTAL CARIES
This study was conducted to determine the saliva levels of lactoperoxidase and lactoferrin between children who do not suffer from tooth decay and those who have early childhood caries. Eighty healthy children of kindergarten age (aged between 4-5 years) were enrolled in this study, according to the World Health Organization, in the city of Baghdad. An oral examination was performed and 40 kindergarten children were suffering from severe caries, which was detected. According to Wyne classification, it was considered a (study group), while 40 caries-free kindergarten children were considered a (control group) that matched by age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Salivary lactoperoxidase and lactoferrin levels were assessed using an ELISA device. The results of the statistical analysis showed that the levels of salivary lactoperoxidase and salivary lactoferrin increased significantly in the study group (those with caries) compared to the caries-free group (control group). The research found that lactoperoxidase and lactoferrin can be used as markers to predict the risk of tooth decay in children's saliva.
Dental caries, Lactoperoxidase, Lactoferrin, Childhood, Saliva.
PREPARATION OF COACERVATES COMPLEX FROM ISOLATE FENUGREEK SEED PROTEIN AND ITS GUM FOR CAPSULE SHELL PRODUCTION.
The isolate of fenugreek protein and fenugreek gum were extract previously obtained using steps conducted from Fenugreek seed. The fenugreek seed protein isolate (FPI) and Fenugreek seed gum (FG) were prepared as a coacervates complex as well as they were studied its characteristics. The best proportion of FPI-FG were optimized to obtain the highest production of (capsule shell) coacervates complex support by estimating of zeta potential and turbidity values. It was found the pH (4.0), FPI- to-FG proportion(6 protein to1 gum) had the best yield for complex production .The freeze-drying dried technique was ultilized to obtain the coacervates complex had the most stability particles by reducing its humidity. Therefore, the purpose of cross-linked formation between FPI-to-FG complex coacervates was obtained as a cover to protect against the sensitive effects of oxygen and heat factors whether food or medical supplies.
fenugreek seed, complex coacervates, zeta potential, freeze dried.
THE EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM IN CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM FORMS OF POTASSIUM AND THE GROWTH OF YELLOW CORN IN TOW SOILS OF DIFFERENT TEXTURE
This study was conducted to determine the effect of adding magnesium on the chemical equilibrium of potassium. The study included five levels of magnesium, Mg0, Mg1, Mg2, Mg3, and Mg4, and two levels of potassium, K0 and K100, in two soils of different textures. The results of the study showed that adding magnesium contributed to increasing soluble, exchangeable, and non-exchangeable potassium. And by 64.706, 105.882, 164.706, and 235.294% / 13.986, 29.680, 47.945, and 77.169% / 4.538, 8.372, 13.224, and 26.682% for the level Mg1, Mg2, Mg3, and Mg4 compared to Mg0, respectively. The soil with a silt clay texture outperformed the soil Silt Clay Leom texture with percentages of 131.818, 15.074 and 8.254%, for dissolved, exchangeable and non-exchangeable potassium, respectively.
dispersion Clay, release of potassium, exchanged potassium, Unexchanged potassium.
STUDY OF THE QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTEMISININ EXTRACT AND ITS ROLE IN PRESENVING LOCAL CHICKEN MEAT
The study aimed to determine the effect of alcoholic extract of the wormwood plan )Artemisia -herba -alba) extract on some physical and sensory characteristics of minced chicken meat kofta and the extent of the shelf life of chicken meat during periods of cold storage and to compare it with imported commercial artemisinin. Concentrations of (2, 3, 4) mg/g Alcoholic extract of wormwood and commercial artemisinin for minced chicken meat samples samples were added to minced chicken meat. Microbial tests were conducted on the meat before cooking and during storage periods. After cooking, physical and sensory tests were conducted on the product. The results of the microbial examination showed a significant decrease in the logarithmic bacterial count with increasing concentration, a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in the pH value, and a decrease in the loss of oozing fluid and the (P.V).The results of the sensory evaluation when adding natural artemisinin extract and commercial artemisinin to chicken breast meat kofta indicated a significant decrease )p ≤ 0.05 ( with an increase in concentration the assessors did not accept the product because the product has a pungent taste and a bitter aftertaste due to the compounds. It contains flavonoids, saponins, and santonin, which are responsible for the bitter taste ،However, the A1 treatment had a significant difference close to the control sample in all characteristics, especially in the freshness characteristic, which reached (6.2). We conclude from the study that artemisinin extract has anti-pathogenic activity against some types of pathogenic bacteria. It can also be used in food preservation by synergizing it with another medicinal plant in order to improve the taste.
Minced chicken meat Wormwood extract Natural artemisinin, Commercial artemisinin, Microbial, physical examinations, sensory evaluation
ROLE OF NUMBER OF POLLINATION TIMES, POLLINATERS AND ORGANIC FERTILIZER IN LEAVES MINERAL CONTENT AND YIELD OF BARHI DATE PALM
The experiment was carried out in 2023 season in one of date palm orchard of Barhi cultivar cultivated at Dawar palm station belong to Ministry of Agriculture / Horticultural Department, to study effect of two pollinator cultivar and decomposed organic fertilizer on yield and leaves mineral content of date palms of 7-year-old cultivar Barhi, as 54 are selected. A palm tree of uniform height and age, as far as possible, free of disease and insect infestations, Factors of study experiment included addition of two pollinator cultivar, Ghanaami Akhdar (P1), and local cultivar (P2), while pollinations number was three times; once (N1), Two pollinations (2 days after first pollination) (N2) and pollination three times (3 days after first and 3 days after second) (N3), As for decomposed organic fertilizer (sheep manure), they were added in three levels (0, 20, and 40 kg.date-1), which are denoted by symbols M0, M1, and M2, respectively. The experimental results showed that pollinators did not significantly effect in leaf nitrogen, phosphor content and fruit weight while local cultivar pollinator (P2), significantly increased in fruit weight of 11.79 g. Results also showed that pollinations number did not significantly effect in leaf nitrogen, phosphor content while pollination three times (N3) gave the highest fruit weight of 11.88 g. Sheep manure application was significantly affect especially at 40 kg.date-1 (M2) excelled in leaf nitrogen content of 1.946 %, leaf phosphor content of 0.440 % and fruit weight of 12.70g.
date palm, pollination, pollinators, organic fertilizers, fruit yield
THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE IN LOCAL PRODUCTION OF CIPROFLOXACIN DERIVATIVES
Marketing are not just for business specialists alone, but rather it touches the life of every human being, as each of us is a member of the marketing movement. Most importantly, marketing medicines due to their importance in the health aspect. Our research aims to manufacture pharmaceuticals derived from ciprofloxacin locally and also improvement from antibiotic on the marktes, rather than relying on imports from outside Iraq. Undoubtedly, this initiative has the potential to benefit individuals and the community both economically and qualitatively. Among the key advantages of these derivatives is their effectiveness in treating urinary tract infections and certain fungal infections. The primary goal is to support individuals and the community, enabling them to compete with pharmaceutical companies outside Iraq. Ciprofloxacin derivatives has been successfully synthesized through series reactions of Ciprofloxacin compound derivatives were produced (A-B8). The research is aimed at the development and evaluation of a formulation for ciprofloxacin. This endeavor to treat various bacterial infections and fungi, while also focusing on the creation of new heterocyclic derivatives. our research has demonstrated promising antibacterial and antifungal properties, successfully eradicating Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus), Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and fungi (Candida albicans).
biological activity, Ciprofloxacin, 2-aminobenzothiazole derivatives, Diazonium salt, Synthesis.
MANUFACTURE OF FUNCTIONAL BISCUIT FROM RICE FLOUR FORTIFIED WITH DEXTRAN
The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of substituting wheat flour with rice flour and fortifying it with varying concentrations of dextran in the mixtures utilized for biscuit production. Additionally, the study aims to examine the flakiness and qualitative features of the resulting biscuits. The findings indicated that there was a positive correlation between the percentage of dextran and the diffusion coefficient of the biscuits. Specifically, the diffusion coefficient increased as the percentage of dextran increased. For instance, the diffusion coefficient reached 10.8 cm when the biscuits were treated with a 3.5% replacement of dextran, and it further increased to 12.8 cm when the biscuits were treated with a 5% dextran replacement. Regarding sensory evaluation, the dextran therapy with a concentration of 3.5% achieved a score of 87.5%, in comparison to the treatment with a concentration of 0%. The acquired score was 78.6%, while the score for the therapy with 5% dextran was 91.2%. Hence, when evaluating the nutritional content and qualitative and sensory features of the biscuits concurrently, it can be concluded that the treatments including 3.5% and 5% dextran exhibit superior performance and may be regarded as the optimal choices.
Dextran, Rice flour, biscuits, Celiac disease.
DIAGNOSING SOME OF THE REASONS RELATED TO THE LIMITED USE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION WORK/IRAQ
The research aimed to identify the most important reasons related to the limited use of information and communications technology in agricultural extension work in Iraq. To achieve the research goal, the questionnaire was prepared as a tool for collecting data. It consisted of (56) items distributed over 5 axes: (Organizational and administrative reasons, financing reasons, human reasons, material and programming reasons, technical reasons). The research community included the governorates of Iraq, except for the governorates of the Kurdistan region, which number 15 governorates. A random sample was taken at a rate of 50% and by 8 Governorates (Kirkuk, Baghdad, Anbar, Basra, Dhi Qar, Babel, Karbala, Najaf). A proportional, stratified random sample was taken 33.1% from agricultural extension workers distributed across the aforementioned governorates, numbering 773 respondents. With 256 respondents, The results of the research concluded that the financial and organizational reasons It came in first place in terms of importance with a weighted average of 3.66 degrees, and with a percentage weight of 73.2%, while the technical reasons came in last place in terms of importance, with a weighted average of 3.20 degrees, and with a percentage weight of 64%,The researcher recommends the need for decision makers in charge of extension management to pay attention to the results of current research to address the reasons that have limited the application of information and communications technology in extension work.
Financing reasons, information and communications technology, agricultural extension.
VISUALIZE PROPOSAL FOR TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN TRAINING EXTENSION CENTERS IN IRAQ
The research aimed to develop a visualize proposal for total quality management in training extension centers in Iraq. To achieve the objectives of the research, a questionnaire was prepared in the in view of the literature related to the subject of research and previous studies and the experts opinions and specialists in the management and agricultural extension field. The questionnaire consisted of (52) items distributed over (5) fields: (preparation, planning ,Implementation, evaluation, exchange and dissemination of experiences of the results of the application of total quality management) The study was conducted on all Iraqi governorates except the Kurdistan Region, A random sample was withdrawn from them by 50% (8 governorates) which are: Kirkuk, Baghdad, Diyala, Holy Karbala, Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf, Qadisiah, Dhi Qar, and Basra .and(149) respondents. data were collected from the respondents in a personal interview manner to indicate their approval of the fields and items of the visualize proposal. The visualize proposal concept was finalized using the following criteria: The field or item is within the final form of the visualize proposal if it obtains a weighted mean greater than the hypothetical mean of the approval scale degree used in the research, which is (3) degrees, The results showed that all fields and items remained in the final version of the visualize proposal of having weighted means greater than (3) degrees. The study recommended that the Agricultural Extension and Training Department should adopt the application of the visualize proposal in the training extension centers in order to develop their performance and thus provide services that meet the the target needs and desires.
Training extension centers, total quality.
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A STUDY OF SOME FACTORS AFFECTING CONSUMER BEHAVIOR TOWARDS THE HEALTH AND SAFETY OF FOOD AVAILABLE IN BAGHDAD GOVERNORATE
The purpose of this study is to identify some demographic factors that affect consumer behavior towards food health and safety in Baghdad Governorate. For this purpose, the descriptive analysis method was used to identify these factors and their impact by collecting information from a questionnaire that included some questions to determine consumer behavior towards food health and safety. The questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of the community, consisting of 144 individuals from the Karkh and Rusafa areas in Baghdad. The results of the study showed that there were no significant differences between males and females in their behavior towards food health and safety, it was found that the age factor affects consumer behavior and there are significant differences between the first age group (18-29 years) and the third age groups (40-50 years) and the fourth group (over 50 years). There are significant differences in the factors of family size and educational qualification, meaning that they affect consumer behavior, The percentage of bachelors was 3.48%, and the percentage of typical families of 3-5 individuals was 57.63%. It became clear that there are significant differences between the primary education category and the rest of the categories, as well as differences between the university and postgraduate categories, and that the monthly income factor has an impact on consumer behavior towards food health and safety, as significant differences appeared between the lowest income category and the rest of the categories, and there are differences between the second and third income categories.
Consumer behavior, food health and safety, demographic factors.
SOME ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS FACING THE APPLICATION OF PARTICIPATORY LEADERSHIP IN THE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SYSTEM/ IRAQ
The research aims to identify some of the administrative problems facing the application of participatory leadership in the agricultural extension system/ Iraq, through a form in which data was collected and included (36) items distributed over four areas, the research community included from the governorates of Iraq, which numbered (15) governorates with the exception of the Kurdistan region and the agricultural extension workers distributed among the agricultural directorates and extension centers who number (526) and (222) workers respectively, a random sample was taken from the governorates of Iraq with a percentage of (53%) and (8) governorates namely (Dhi Qar, Maysan, Karbala, Al-Qadisiyah, Babylon, Anbar, Diyala, Kirkuk) and a proportional, stratified random sample of (51%) was taken from agricultural extension workers distributed among the agricultural directorates and extension centers in the governorates of Iraq, whose number is (307, 133) and (157, 68) Respectively, the data was analyzed using the SPSS.V28 program, The results of the research concluded that the problems related to the extension organization ranked first in terms of level of importance, achieving a weighted average of (3.31) and a percentage weight of (66.2),while the problems related to the extension director came in last place, achieving a weighted mean score of (2.67) and a percentage weight of (53.4), the research recommended the need to direct attention to the problems facing the extension director as he is the link between higher authorities and those working with him.
participatory leadership, Agricultural extension system, Administrative problems.
DETECTION OF ADENOVIRUS ASSOCIATED WITH INCLUSION BODY HEPATITIS IN CHICKENS
Inclusion body hepatitis is one of the disease that cause economic loses in poultry industry. Infection with the fowl adenovirus leads to the illness known as inclusion body hepatitis. Affected chickens showed dullness, depression, ruffled feathers and mild greenish diarrhea with low morbidity and high mortality. Seventy-five samples were collected from various areas around Iraq, including Diyala, Karbala and Tikrit, that were thought to be infected with the fowl adenovirus. The infected chickens ranged in age from 25 to 45 days. After that viral nucleic acid (DNA) was isolated from collected livers. This was followed by testing using conventional PCR by amplification of the Loop 1 gene, which yielded a positive result for the presence of fowl adenovirus. Avian species are at risk of inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) infection, with subclinical infection being the most common type. The study reveals that the liver is affected by a disease that can be diagnosed through necropsy findings such as the presence of multiple genotypes such as FAdV-4, FAdV-8b and E. Molecular tools like PCR offer superior accuracy and sensitivity compared to seroprevalence techniques, which are not specific to the species or type of adenoviruses or their co-infecting illnesses. The current research aimed to clinical diagnosis of adenovirus in chickens and confirmed diagnosis by conventional PCR.
Avian Viruses, Inclusion Body Hepatitis, Polymerase Chain Reaction, L1 gene.
EFFECTS OF PHOSPHORUS, SILICATES AND CITRIC ACID ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF PEPPER IN GREENHOUSES
The research was conducted in a plastic greenhouse at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad - Jadiriyah Campus, during the 2021-2022 season, to study the effect of phosphorus, silicon, and citric acid on pepper plants using a factorial experiment design with three replicates. The first factor had three levels of phosphorus (P2O5): 0 kg hectare-1 (P1), 160 (P2) and 320 kg h-1 (P3),the second factor had three levels of potassium silicate 0 kg h-1 (S1), 75 (S2) and 100 kg h-1(S3), and the third factor had four levels of citric acid 0 kg h-1 (C1), 2 (C2), 4 (C3) and 6 kg h-1 (C4). The results of the statistical analysis showed the superiority of the P3S2C4 treatment in increasing plant height (160.20 cm plant-1), the P2S3C3 treatment in leaf area (631.3 dm2 plant-1), the P2S3C4 treatment in the concentration of phosphorus in the leaf (0.470%), and the treatment P2S2C1 in the concentration of silicon in the leaf (18.50 ppm). The P3S3C4 treatment is the number of lateral roots (14.27 roots plant-1). The P2S3C4 treatment is the number of fruits (48.34 fruits plant-1) and the P3S3C4 treatment is the plant yield (3.48 kg plant-1).
Capsicum annuum L., fertilizer,p2o5, potassium silicate.